6.2 Historical Development of Prison

1. Before prisons: the body's penalties (death, mutilation, whipping) and the exile-fines of ancient law; jails were only holding cells (the debtor's gaol), not punishments. 2. The 16th–17th centuries: the houses of correction (Bridewell — workhouses for the idle; discipline as cure). 3. The 18th-century turn: John Howard's prison inspections (the reformer who shamed Europe — health, separation, inspection); the penitentiary idea (penitence in solitude). 4. The 19th century: the two great systems — Pennsylvania (solitary confinement, Bible and silence) vs. Auburn (congregate work in silence) — and their export; Elizabeth Fry's women's-reform mission; transportation's end swelling the prisons; the reformatory movement (Elmira — indeterminate sentences, trade training). 5. The 20th century: the medical model (treatment, parole's rise), its 1970s collapse (the "nothing works" wave), the justice model (just deserts, determinacy), and the late-modern split — mass incarceration in some states vs. decarceration and restorative alternatives in others. 6. Nepal's line: the historic gaols of the Muluki Ain order (the kalimohar era's fort-jails and the Bhadragol-type cells), the Prison Act 2019 B.S. (1962/63) and Prison Regulations 2020 B.S. — the central/district prison network under the Department of Prison Management (from the Central Jail and Dillibazaar in the capital to Nakhhu's walls and the district gaols) — and the 2074 codes' era of alternatives.