6.4 Problems of Prison System

1. Overcrowding — the universal first problem (remand-heavy populations; Nepal's jails hold more than capacity — describe generally, statistics hedged). 2. The remand majority — undertrials living as if sentenced: the delay problem (Procedural Law-II's docket) punishing before conviction. 3. Violence, gangs and the prison economy; drugs inside the walls; corruption (privileges for sale). 4. Health: communicable disease (TB, HIV), mental illness's prevalence, suicide risk, inadequate medical staffing. 5. Children with imprisoned mothers — the innocent cell-mates (the Bangkok Rules' theme; Nepal's childcare corners inside prisons). 6. Recidivism and the crime-school effect — networking among inmates, stigma on release, the "revolving door". 7. Rehabilitation's deficit — training, counselling and aftercare under-resourced; the idleness problem. 8. Oversight gaps — inspection's irregularity; complaint channels' weakness. 9. Discrimination inside — caste, class and literacy gradients in privileges and treatment.