2.4 Freedom of Airspace vs. Sovereignty of Airspace Debate

The debate's anatomy (the exam's classic): the sovereignty camp (the security-and-order case: the state's right to exclude; the 1919-and-1944 settlement) vs the freedom camp (the commerce-and-communication case: the air as the sea's common — Grotius's mare liberum in the sky — the failure of the multilateral commercial freedoms: the five-freedoms agreement's thin membership; the bilateralism's triumph as the middle path: the sovereignty-consented-exchange). The modern expressions: the open-skies agreements (the freedoms' liberal grant — the US's post-1979 model), the single-aviation-markets (the EU's-and-ASEAN's internal faces), the fifth- freedom politics of the Gulf-and-Asian hubs, and Nepal's own debate: the tourism-driven liberalisation vs the flag-carrier's protection (the rights' grant-and-exchange with India, the Gulf, China — Unit 6.2's detail).