1. The crisis of the Council: the Security Council's paralysis (the veto's collisions — the Ukraine-and-Gaza era; the GA's Emergency Special Sessions and the Uniting-for-Peace inheritance) and the reform debate's stalemate (the IGN process; the G4, the African- common-position claims; the use-of-veto initiative's accountability).
2. The reform-and-finance moment: the Summit of the Future (2024) and its Pact for the Future (with the Global Digital Compact and the Declaration on Future Generations); the UN80 initiative (2025) — the efficiency-and-mandate reform of the Guterres era's close; the funding crisis (the arrears, the voluntary-contributions' fragility).
3. The financial architecture's re-think: the BWIs' evolution agenda (the quota-and-voice questions, the climate-finance fusion); the debt-distress decade and the bridge-financing innovations; the SDG-financing gap.
4. The regionalisation's rise: the EU's strategic-sovereignty debates; the ASEAN-and-Africa integration's deepening (AfCFTA's implementation); the SAARC's slumber and the BIMSTEC/ QUAD/IPEF-type plurals; the multipolar grid of the G20-BRICS-expanded plurilateralism (the BRICS+'s enlargement and the de-dollarisation talk).
5. The functional regimes' turn: the climate regime's loss-and-damage architecture; the pandemic law's construction (WHO's Pandemic Agreement's adoption-and-ratification road); the AI-and-digital governance's constitution-making moment (the Global Digital Compact; the cyber-norms' tracks); the ocean-and-biodiversity regimes (BBNJ's entry-into-force era).
6. The WTO's adjudication wound and the trade fragmentations (the Appellate Body's paralysis and the MPIA's work-around — PIL-II's theme).
7. The accountability's thickening: the IOs' own responsibility (the ILC's articles; the cholera- era UN accountability debates; the #AidToo reform era), and the domestic-politics backlash (the withdrawals, the defunding threats, the sovereignty reflex). Nepal in the trends: the LDC graduation's negotiation (the transition support); the climate-vulnerability diplomacy (the loss-and-damage's claimant); the peacekeeping's expansion; the regional bridge-strategy (SAARC's patience + BIMSTEC's energy + the bilateral realities) — the small-state playbook of the era.