Discuss the presumptions protecting jurisdiction, obligation and international law.

The status quo's shield: the statute presumed not to alter the established law (the common law- and-practice baseline) unless the change is clear — the words' clarity demanded for the disruption. The Nepali translation: the statute presumed not to change the settled pre-statute law (the case law-and-custom baseline of the Muluki Ain's world, now the 2074 Codes' baseline).