Discuss the doctrines of proximate cause, contribution and subrogation.

The insurance contract's elements: the offer-and-acceptance (the proposal form-and-the-cover note/policy); the consideration (the premium vs the promise); the capacity (the insurer's licensing; the insured's majority); the legality (the insurable-and-lawful purpose); the consensus (the utmost good faith's overlay — the misrepresentation's avoidability). The contract's special characters: the standard form (the policy's take-it-or-leave-it — the regulator's-and-court's pro- policyholder reading); the aleatory nature (the unequal exchanges' possibility — the small premium vs the large claim); the executory-and-conditional faces (the conditions' performance precedent to the claim).