1. The criminal law approach — the punishment's deterrence (the traditional route).
2. The regulatory approach — the agencies' supervision-and-sanctions (the compliance's architecture — the licensing, the reporting, the inspections).
3. The restorative-and-compensatory approach — the victims' restitution (the fines-to- victims faces).
4. The preventive approach — the systems' design (the transparency, the audits, the KYC).
5. The international-cooperation approach — the conventions-and-networks (the mutual assistance, the extradition).
6. The critical approach — the enforcement's selectivity critique (the street crime's prison vs the suite crime's fine — the class-and-power questions the scholarship presses).