4.2 Evolution of White Collar Crime

1. The early faces — the fraud's-and-embezzlement's long history (the trusted clerk's lore). 2. The industrial-and-corporate era — the trusts-and-abuses (the monopolies' wrongs); the railway-and-banking scandals of the 1800s. 3. Sutherland's intervention (1939) — the concept's birth (the criminology's challenge: the criminaloid — the respectable offender invisible to the criminal statistics-and-theory). 4. The regulatory era — the securities-and-banking statutes (the US New Deal's machinery — the SEC's 1934 world); the consumer-and-environmental regimes. 5. The globalised era's scandals — the Savings-and-Loan, the Enron-and-WorldCom (the audit's failure century), the 2008 financial crisis' faces (the too-big-to-jail debates), the LIBOR- and-Volkswagen worlds, the modern corruption's mega-cases (the Odebrecht's breadth). 6. The South Asian faces — the banking scams' era (the loan frauds, the capital-market manipulations); the corporate governance's reforms' wake.