Explain the two-limb test and the doubt rule.

3.1.1 Civilian The civilian: any person who is not a combatant (the negative definition — AP I's rule). The protections: the attacks' immunity (the distinction's core — U1.4.1); the humane treatment (the GC IV's catalogue: no violence, no hostage-taking, no humiliating treatment); the property's respect; the forced transfer's prohibition; the fair trial guarantees (the occupation's courts-and- penal faces). The civilians in the NIAC: the CA3's minimum + the customary rules. 3.1.2 Women The specific protections: the special respect (the GC's face: the honour, the attacks' bar); the sexual violence's absolute prohibition (the rape-and-assault as the war crimes' catalogue — the modern jurisprudence's recognition: the Akayesu case's landmark — the ICTR's line); the pregnancy-and-motherhood's special care (the mothers-with-young-children's detention protections); the searches-and-confinement's proprieties. 3.1.3 Children The war's most vulnerable: the special care-and-protection duty; the recruitment's rules: the under-15s' prohibition (the GC-AP-CRC line) raised to under-18 by the OPAC (the CRC's Optional Protocol — the straight-18 position; the Rome Statute's under-15 war crime); the participation's bar (the direct-and-indirect); the detention's special treatment; the family's unity; the education's continuation; the rehabilitation-and-reintegration (the Paris Principles' faces). The Nepal record: the conflict's child soldiers (the cantonments' disqualified minors — the verification's-and-discharge's saga — U5.7's study). 3.1.4 Refugees The war's displaced across the border: the GC IV's refugees' protections (the enemy's nationals' specific faces — the…