5.3 International and National Mechanisms for Enforcing IHL

The international faces: the Protecting Powers (the GCs' original design — the parties' neutral intermediaries); the ICRC (the guardian: the visits, the confidential dialogue, the dissemination); the Security Council's enforcement (the Chapter VII route — the tribunals' creation line); the universal jurisdiction's practice (the Pinochet case's line; the domestic prosecutions' era — the Belgian-and-German cases). The national faces (the primary duty): the states' obligation to enact the grave breaches' legislation; the military discipline (the manuals, the training, the courts- martial); the national courts' prosecution (the universal jurisdiction plus the territoriality-and- nationality bases); the truth-and-reconciliation faces (the complementary route — the amnesty's contested line); the Nepal machinery (the transitional justice below).