5.7 Case Study of Armed Conflict in Nepal

The conflict (1996-2006): the CPN (Maoist)'s "people's war" (the 1996 declaration) against the state — the decade's toll (the deaths in the tens-of-thousands — the commonly cited figures of the 17,000-plus; the disappearances in the thousands; the displacement's hundreds-of-thousands). The legal classification: the classical NIAC (the ICRC's casebook's own entry): the Common Article 3 + the customary IHL regime applicable (the Protocols I-II unratified — the 1964 GCs' ratification the treaty base); the government's-and-Maoists' parallel commitments (the 2001- and-2003 human rights agreements' faces; the code-of-conduct attempts). The violations' record (the documented ledger): the state's faces (the disappearances, the extrajudicial killings, the torture, the arbitrary detentions); the Maoists' faces (the abductions, the killings, the recruitment of children, the extortion, the bombings); the both-sides' IHL breaches — the OHCHR's- and-NHRC's documentation era (the monitoring's record). The peace-and-accountability machinery: the Comprehensive Peace Agreement 2006 (the IHL-and-HR commitments' chapter); the interim constitution's faces; the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2071 (the TRC- and-Commission-on-Enforced-Disappearances' establishment); the Supreme Court's rulings (the 2015 decision: the amnesty's bar for the gross violations — the international standards' requirement; the 2024 decision: the Act's amendment ordered — the conflict-era cases' prosecution route); the pending challenges (the commissions' slow work — the tens-of-thousands of complaints; the cases' non-prosecution; the victims' waiting — the accountability's unfinished business). The lessons for IHL: the…