Explain affirmative action and the arguments for and against.

The affirmative-action (the substantive-equality's tool): the definition (the preferential's- and-the-targeted's measures (the disadvantage's correction (the level's-field (the "special- provision" world))); the rationale's-theory (the formal's-failure (the U1.4's-arc (the structural's- correction (the representation's-argument (the democracy's-face (the "by-us-for-us" claim)))))); the forms' menu (the quotas (the reserved-seats (the political's-and-the-employment's)); the targets (the timetables' aims); the preferences (the admission's-and-the-promotion's (the tie-break's-and- the-weighting's)); the outreach (the scholarships'-and-the-training's)); The debate (the exam's balance): the case-for (the history's-debt (the diversity's-value (the role-model's-effect (the 18(3)- and-38's-constitutional-basis (the verified-text)))); the case-against (the merit's-claim (the reverse's-charge ( the stigma's-risk (the permanence's-trap (the "creamy-layer"-type-debates (the India's-comparative (the names-and-concepts-only)))))); the CEDAW's-4 (the temporary-special- measures (the NOT-discrimination's-doctrine (the U1.3's-verified-core))); the termination-question (the "temporary" that stays (the sunset's-design (the condition's-removal-test)))).