1.3 History and Development of Forensic Science in Nepal

1. The traditional faces — the witnesses-and-confession era (the forensics' thinness); the medical examination's early steps (the police surgeons' world). 2. The institutional growth — the National Forensic Science Laboratory (the Khumaltar laboratory — the government's central facility: the biology-DNA, toxicology, questioned- documents-and-chemistry services); the Nepal Police's forensic laboratory (the criminal- investigation arm: the crime scene, ballistics, fingerprints-and-DNA faces); the fingerprint bureau's long history (the identification's oldest service); the hospitals' forensic medicine departments (the post-mortems, the clinical forensics). 3. The modern era — the DNA testing's arrival-and-growth (the paternity-and-crime cases); the Criminal Procedure Code 2074's forensic provisions (the investigation's scientific duties); the lab's-and-courts' growing dialogue (the expert testimony's normalisation — U11's cases); the challenges (the capacity, the geography — the samples' distances; the accreditation-and- quality debates).