5.3 DNA Profiling Techniques (STR, Y-STR, mtDNA Sequencing): Introduction and Significance

1. The STR (Short Tandem Repeats): the standard method — the loci's amplification (the PCR) and the sizing (the electrophoresis); the multiplex kits (the many loci's one run — the 16-plus loci's standard panels); the statistics (the profile's frequency — the population databases' calculation); the degraded samples' mini-STR faces. 2. The Y-STR: the male-specific (the Y chromosome's paternal inheritance) — the sexual offences' mixed-stains solution (the male's profile from the male-female mixture); the paternal- line's limitation (the male-relatives' sharing — the lineage's non-individuality). 3. The mtDNA sequencing: the mitochondria's DNA (the hundreds-of-copies' abundance — the degraded-and-old samples: the bones, the hairs' shafts); the maternal line's inheritance (the maternal-relatives' sharing); the ancient-and-mass-disaster faces (the identification's power where the nuclear fails).