1.3 Definition of Refugee from a Historical Perspective: 1920 to Present (OAU, Cartagena, etc.)

1. The group-based beginnings (1920s-40s): the named-category definitions (the Russians, the Armenians, the Spanish-and-German faces) — the refugee defined by the group, not the fear. 2. The 1951 individualised definition (the Convention's Article 1A(2)): the well-founded fear of persecution + the five grounds (the race-religion-nationality-membership-of-social- group-political-opinion) + the outside-the-country + the unable-unwilling to return. 3. The 1969 OAU Convention (the African expansion): the persecution-fear + the external- aggression-occupation-foreign-domination-events-seriously-disturbing-the-public-order definition (the objective circumstances — the broader African face). 4. The 1984 Cartagena Declaration (the Latin American expansion): the OAU-type faces + the massive-violation-of-human-rights + the generalised-violence; the non-binding-but- influential (the domestic laws' adoption). 5. The present's contested edges: the gender-persecution's recognition journey (the 2002 UNHCR guidelines' interpretation); the climate-displacement's exclusion-and-the-claims (the 1951 definition's argued stretch (U5.2)).