2.2.1 Rule of Law
The administration under law (not under men): the legality (the powers' statutory basis — no act without authority); the equality (the law's equal application); the courts' access (the rights' judicial protection) — the Diceyan trio; the Nepal face: the Constitution's preamble-and-Art 1's supremacy (the verified frame).
2.2.2 Separation of Power and Check and Balance
The powers' distribution (the legislative-executive-judicial triad) + the mutual checking (the inter- branch controls) — the administration's place: the executive's core with the quasi-legislative-and- quasi-judicial functions (U3's classifications); the blend's dangers-and-justifications.
2.2.3 Principle of Good Governance
The administration's quality-standard: the participation, the consensus-orientation, the accountability, the transparency, the responsiveness, the effectiveness-efficiency, the equity, the rule-of-law (the UN's eight indicators — the exam's list); the Nepal agenda (the good-governance acts-and-codes; the management-reform programs).
2.2.4 Doctrine of Judicial Review
The courts' checking power (the administration's acts measured against the law-and-constitution) — the Nepali machinery: the extraordinary jurisdiction (Arts 133/137); the review's grounds (the
illegality, the irrationality, the procedural impropriety — the Wednesbury-to-proportionality line by name); the remedies (U9).
2.2.5 Principle of Estoppel
The administration's consistency (the U2.5-of-Evidence's echo): the government's representation binding its own conduct — the Crown's historic immunity vs the modern accountability (the equity's reach into the public law; the limits — no estoppel against the statute).
2.2.6 Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation
The protection of reliance: the administration's practice-or-promise creating the expectation the courts protect (the procedural (the hearing before the change) + the substantive (the change's substantive limits) forms); the fairness's extension (the citizen's trust as the administration's duty).
2.2.7 Accountability and Responsibility
The answer-giving principle: the political accountability (the ministers-to-parliament; the elections' ultimate); the legal (the courts' review; the remedies); the administrative (the hierarchy's discipline; the departmental actions); the social (the media-and-civil-society's watch).
2.2.8 Transparency
The open-government principle: the information's right (the RTI Act 2064 + the NIC's machinery — U8.3); the decision's reasoning; the records' access; the limits (the security-and-privacy's exemptions — the balance).
2.2.9 Principle of Natural Justice
The fairness's twin (U7's full depth): the hearing (audi alteram partem) + the impartiality (nemo judex) — the administrative process's minimum ethics.
2.2.10 Doctrine of Necessity
The emergency's doctrine: the technically-invalid act sustained where the necessity compels (the state's continuity — the doctrine's origins (the Pakistani-and-Rhodesian cases' lore) and its danger (the coup's justification — the critics' warning); the Nepali echoes (the constitutional crises' debates — the 2002-2005 era's discussions)).
2.2.11 Doctrine of Reasonability
The rationality's requirement: the decisions reasonable (the relevant-irrelevant considerations; the proportionality's modern test — the ends-means fit); the Wednesbury unreasonableness's spectrum (the bad-faith-and-absurdity's outer limits).
2.2.12 Classification of Power
The functions' triad (U3's subject): the legislative-and-judicial-and-administrative powers — the classification's consequences (each function's own controls).
2.2.13 Conflict of Interest
The integrity's principle: the public duty vs the private interest (the self-dealing bar; the nepotism's prohibition; the disclosure's duty) — the CIAA-and-commission's terrain (U8); the codes (the conduct's rules for the public servants).
2.2.14 Droit Administratif: Introduction, Scope and Influences
The French model: the administrative law's separate system (the administrative courts' hierarchy — the Conseil d'Etat's crown; the ordinary courts' exclusion (the separation-of-the-administrators- and-judges)); the speciality's features: the acte administratif; the service-public doctrine; the recourse-pour-exces (the excess-review); the contrast: the Diceyan integration (the ordinary courts' control) vs the French separation; the influence: the mixed systems' borrowings (the tribunals' worlds — the Indian-and-Nepali faces); the modern convergence (the judicial review's universalisation).