7.2 Limbs of Natural Justice

7.2.1 Right to be Heard / Audi Alteram Partem The hearing's rule: the person affected heard before the decision — the hearing's components: the notice (the case's clear statement — the charges, the grounds); the evidence's disclosure (the case against — the materials' sight); the opportunity to respond (the written-and-oral representations; the counsel's faces); the cross-examination's availability (the serious cases — the witnesses' testing); the hearing's limits: the statutory displacements (the security-and- emergency faces); the prejudice's test (the hearing's denial void unless no-prejudice proven). 7.2.2 Freedom from Bias / Nemo Judex Causa Sua The impartiality's rule: no one judge of their own cause — the bias's forms: the pecuniary (the interest's smallest presence — the automatic voidness); the personal (the relationship, the enmity); the subject-matter (the department's own policy — the judge-of-own-case); the institutional (the combined functions — the prosecutor-and-judge's fusion); the test's evolution: the real-danger (the fair-minded-observer's view — the modern standard) vs the old reasonable- suspicion; the hearing's own bias cases (the person who heard vs the person who decides — the same-head rule). 7.2.3 Due Process The American cousin: the procedural fairness's constitutionalised form (the life-liberty-property's deprivation only by the fair process) — the substantive face (the decision's own reasonableness) + the procedural (the notice-hearing-decision's sequence); the Nepal face: the constitutional guarantees' due-process reading (the Criminal Procedure's…