1.2 Origin and Development of Mass Media

1. The print's history — the press's origins (the printing's revolution (the Gutenberg world)); the newspapers' rise (the public-sphere's birth (the 17th-18th centuries)); the mass-circulation era (the 19th century's penny-press). 2. The broadcast's arrival — the radio (the 20th century's first mass medium (the propaganda age's lesson)); the television (the visual's dominance); the spectrum's regulation logic (the scarcity's rationale (the licensing's foundation (U3's why))). 3. The digital's disruption — the internet-and-the-social platforms (the mass-to-many-to-mass (the citizen-journalist; the viral dynamics)); the algorithm's age (the platform-governance questions (the LAW5705-U-depth companion)). 4. The Nepali line — the Rana-era censorship's world (the pre-1951 suppression (the Gorkhapatra's state monopoly (the 1901 start))); the 1951 opening (the democracy's press- freedom dawn); the Panchayat's controls (the licensing-and-bond regime); the 1990 constitution's guarantee (the post-1990 explosion (the private-press (the Kantipur era); the FM- radio's pioneer (Radio Sagarmatha's licensing fight lore))); the 2007-and-2015 constitutions' Art-19-type protections (the no-prior-censorship principle); the digital era (the online-portals (the social-media's mass reach)).