1.4 Regulation of Mass Media

The regulation's spectrum: 1. The self-regulation (the profession's own) — the ethics-codes (the Press Council's code (U6.2.2)); the newsroom's standards. 2. The co-regulation (the Council-model) — the Press Council's mixed character (the statutory-but-press-led (U6.2's depth)). 3. The statutory regulation — the licensing (the broadcast's entry-control (U3)); the content's rules (the decency-and-election faces); the print's registration (the lighter touch (the registration-not-licensing distinction)). 4. The constitutional frame's discipline (the Art 19's verified command) — the no-prior- censorship bar; the no-closure-seizure-cancellation bar; the no-obstruction-except-by-law rule — the regulation's constitutional ceiling. 5. The models' balance — the authoritarian-vs-libertarian-vs-social-responsibility (the theories' classic menu (the exam's theory question)); the Nepal model (the mixed-and-transitioning frame). The prescribed case (cited verbatim; honest note): Advocate Madhav Kumar Basnet v. Ministry of Information and Communication (NKP 2058 B.S., Vol 7/8, p. 392) — the early media-regulation case (read the decision for the precise facts-and-holdings).