5.3 National Level

5.3.1 Electric Power Trade, Cross-Border Transmission Interconnection and Grid Connectivity Nepal's cross-border regime: the power-trade framework with India (the long-term power trade agreement enabling import/export), the transmission interconnection projects (the cross-border lines at multiple border points), and the grid-code and licensing conditions for cross-border trade (NRB-type prudential analogues absent; the electricity regulator's approvals govern). The policy direction: from importer to seasonal-balancer to net exporter. 5.3.2 Koshi Treaty The Koshi Treaty (1954, revised 1966) with India: the Koshi barrage and embankments for flood control and irrigation, with the project's hydropower legacy at Chatara-era planning; the historical lessons: Nepal's land, India's works, benefits-sharing asymmetries, and the sovereign- equality amendments of 1966 — the first-generation treaty studied fully in LAW5707. 5.3.3 Gandak Treaty The Gandak Treaty (1959, amended): the Gandak barrage and canal systems, Nepal's specified water rights and power benefits, and the implementation frictions that became the treaty-revision curriculum — the second-generation lesson in drafting precision. 5.3.4 Mahakali Treaty The Mahakali Treaty (1996): integrated development of the Mahakali river — the Pancheshwor multipurpose project as its centrepiece (water storage, power, irrigation shares), equal-partnership framing, and the constitutionally significant ratification by a two-thirds majority of Parliament (the Bal Krishna Neupane litigation below tested it). The treaty remains the high-water mark of Nepal-India hydro diplomacy and the center of its unfinished business (Pancheshwor's implementation).…