Distinguish the four migration types with Nepal examples, and outline the 1950 Treaty's role. 4.

The demographic component of belonging: who counts as one of the people. • Constitution (Articles 10–15): single federal citizenship with provincial identity; citizenship by descent (father or mother a citizen — the gender-neutral disjunctive of Article 11); the foundling and by-birth categories; naturalization (including the foreign-woman-married-to- citizen route and the children-of-Nepali-mother provisions); citizenship certificates in the mother's or father's name with gender identity (Article 12); acquisition/termination by federal law (Article 13); non-resident Nepali (NRN) citizenship's limited rights form (Article 14); record- keeping (Article 15). • Citizenship Act 2078 (2021): the operative statute — applications, certificates, naturalization procedure, and the implementation disputes (the gender-equality debates around descent transmission that the constitutional text's disjunctive was designed to settle). Citizenship law is population law's gate: it decides whose births, marriages, and deaths belong to the national count.