5.4 Extraterritoriality: Application of National Competition Laws beyond Borders

The effects doctrine: conduct abroad producing effects at home is caught (the US's birth of the doctrine; the EU's implementation-effects version). The Microsofts and Intels of the world therefore face multiple authorities for one global strategy — the comity questions (whose law, whose remedy?) and the soft coordination among authorities (the international competition network's informality). For Nepal: a small open market importing platform conduct — the extraterritorial reach question is the 2063 Act's untested edge.