8.3 Penalties and Sanctions for Violations

1. Fines on turnover: the percentage-of-turnover penalties (the EU's billion-euro scale — the Google and Intel files of the cases below); Nepal's penalty scheme within the Act's percentages. 2. Personal liability: director disqualification (comparative); criminal cartel prosecution (the US model — executives to prison). 3. Structural remedies: divestiture — the businesses amputated (Standard Oil and AT&T's historic breakups; the breakup debates of the current era). 4. Behavioural remedies: access, non-discrimination, unbundling — the conduct leash. 5. Private enforcement: damages actions (treble damages in the US; the EU's follow-on actions) — the victims' bill. 6. Injunctions and nullity: agreements void; contracts unenforceable.