4.5.3 Tribunals and Quasi-Judicial Bodies

Article 127(2) and Article 152 permit justice to be administered by specialised bodies created by law, alongside the ordinary courts — and Article 152(2) insists that offences carrying more than one year's imprisonment be tried only by a court, specialised court, military court or judicial body.A. Specialised courts and tribunals (created by statute):1. Special Court (Special Court Act 2059) — tries corruption cases filed by the CIAA (Arts. 238–239) and certain other specialised offences.2. Revenue Tribunal — tax and revenue disputes against decisions of tax authorities.3. Labour Court — established under the Labour Act 2074 for labour disputes and offences.4. Debt Recovery Tribunal — recovery of debts of banks and financial institutions (Bank and Financial Institutions Act 2073 framework).5. Foreign Exchange Tribunal — offences under the Foreign Exchange (Regulation) Act 2019.6. Military courts — court-martial jurisdiction under the Army Act 2063 (a separate, constitutionalised system — Art. 152(2)).B. Quasi-judicial bodies (administrative bodies exercising judicial powers):1. Local-level judicial committees — every local executive must run a Judicial Committee (Constitution, Art. 217), coordinated by a Deputy Chief, settling minor local disputes; backed by ward-level mediation under the Local Government Operation Act 2074. Appeals lie to the District Court (Art. 151).2. CIAA — investigates corruption and files cases (Art. 239).3. Land administration — land revenue offices settle boundary/ownership-record disputes (Land Revenue Act 2034);…