Inscriptions on stone, copper-plates and images — Nepal's earliest dated historical documents:
1. Licchavi inscriptions (c. 4th–8th centuries) — more than a hundred, recording land grants, canal-building, fines and boundaries; the Changu Narayan pillar of Manadeva; published systematically by Dhanavajra Vajracharya (Lichchavikalaka Abhilekh) and Dilli Raman Regmi.
2. Karnataka (Simraungadh) and Khasa (Sinja/Dullu) inscriptions — for the medieval west and tarai (the Dullu pillar of Prithvi Malla).
3. Malla-era inscriptions and copper-plate deeds (tamasuk/lalMohar) — increasingly legal in character. Law-student's eye: these are Nepal's first legal documents — grants with clauses, penalty stipulations ("whoever violates this grant shall incur a fine of…"), witness formulae and boundary descriptions: the ancestors of the deed (lappat) and the Muluki Ain.