6 C. Local administration — Panchali and the village

1. The grama (village): the basic unit, its affairs managed by the villagers — the inscriptions address the kutumbi (householders) of a village collectively; the assembly's consent figures in boundary matters.2. Panchali — the village council/community body: a semi-autonomous corporate entity through which the state communicated and collected; self-regulating local government handling minor disputes, watch, feasts and common property. Historical significance: Nepal's oldest recorded tradition of local self-government — the ancestor-song of today's Art. 56 local tier.3. Dranga (market-town) — commercial centres administered with the shreni (guilds) — urban self-government of artisans and traders.4. Officials on the ground: ayuktakas and gramika-type functionaries; boundary disputes referred to local testimony and inspection — procedure already: notice, inquiry, record.