13 C. Criticism of the doctrine

1. Impossible in the welfare state: governance is a joint enterprise — delegated legislation, administrative adjudication, judicial policy-making (PIL) blur every line.2. Parliamentary systems are built on fusion (Nepal: ministers from parliament — Art. 76(9), 78).3. Rigidity breeds deadlock (US shutdowns).4. Yet the core survives everywhere: an independent judiciary is non-negotiable (Art. 126 — judicial power with the courts; security of tenure; disciplinary route through Judicial Council/ impeachment, not executive displeasure).