3.3.4 Roscoe Pound (1870–1964) — sociological jurisprudence

• Base theory: jurisprudence must study "law in action" alongside "law in books" (his signature pair) — and treat law as social engineering: the lawyer as engineer balancing competing interests (individual, public, social) with minimum waste and friction.• Programme: courts and legislators should weigh interests by their value to civilization (his "jural postulates" of a given time and place); legal doctrine must be tested by social results.• Application to Nepal: every rights-based statute of the last two decades is Poundian in spirit — the Domestic Violence Act 2066, the Caste-based Discrimination Act 2068, the Good Governance Act 2064; and so is public-interest litigation, which forces courts to look at consequences, not texts alone.• Critique: "engineering" presumes agreement on the blueprint — but Nepal's statute-by- statute struggles show interests genuinely conflict (Marx's truth); Pound's optimism needs Durkheim's, Marx's and Weber's harder edges.