1.4.1 The US and the UK
The UK's-line: the Elizabethan-Poor-Laws (the 1601-relief-legalised (the parish's-duty (the deterrence-mixed (the workhouse's-stigma)))) → the charity-organisation-societies + the settlement-houses (the 19th-century's-organised-charity (the COS's-casework-roots (the Mary- Richmond's-professionalisation-lore — the names-only))) → the Beveridge-Report (the 1942-war's- blueprint (the "want" attacked (the post-war-welfare-state-born (the NHS-era))); The US's-line: the private-charity-first → the Great-Depression's-crisis → the New-Deal's-turn (the Social-Security-
Act-1935 (the federal-welfare's-foundation (the social-work-federalised))); The shared-arc: the charity → the profession → the state (the informal → the organised → the right).
1.4.2 Nepal
The traditional-layer: the guthi + the parma + the dhikuri (the community's-own-welfare (the mutual-aid-institutions (the state-absent))); the dharma's-alms (the dan + the bhumi (the religious-welfare-ethos)); The state's-entry: the Panchayat-era's-services (the state-extends (the modest-beginnings)); the 1990-Constitution's-directive-turn (the principles-pledged); Themodern-architecture: the 2007-Interim + the 2015-Constitution's-rights-boom (the Arts-33-43's- socio-economic-chapter (the welfare-constitutionalised)) + the programme-growth (the old-age- allowance (the mid-1990s' modest beginning — the flagship's-origin (the amounts-and-coverage- grown-over-the-decades — the honest-hedged-description))) + the Social-Security-Act-2075 (the contribution-based-fund (the formal-sector's-scheme)) + the federal-turn (the local-governments' welfare-role (the LGOA-2074's-social-protection-functions (the wards'-reach))); The honest-gap: the coverage-vs-the-need (the informal-economy's-exclusion (the allowance's-modesty (the implementation's-battle (the law-in-books-vs-the-welfare-in-life)))).