7.3 Developmental Practices in Nepal (the ethnographic ledger)

The arc (from Economics-I Unit 5.6, here read ethnographically): 1956's planning turn; the aid apparatus (donors, missions, INGOs — the "aid industry" as Nepal's sizeable social formation); the integrated rural development projects of the 1970s–80s (and their famous failures — theleast-learned lessons); the user-group turn (community forestry, drinking water, irrigation, mothers' groups — the participatory wave's Nepali successes); the post-1990 NGO boom and rights-based approaches; post-2006 inclusion engineering; post-2015 federal delivery. Theanthropological findings (the content to write): (1) projects succeed when they build on existing institutions (the forest user group working with the guthi-style collective — Ostrom's Nepali confirmation, Unit 5.4) and fail when they parachute (the tractor without the road); (2) targeting's dilemmas (the "poorest of the poor" categories creating their own politics — inclusion quotas' elite capture — Sociology Unit 7.2); (3) the broker class — the local development practitioner, translator and fixer — as development's true social type; (4) migration's remaking of the very villages development targets (the remittance economy as the unplanned development, Economics-I Unit 7.1's story).