3 A. The Europeans arrive (the sequence)

The Portuguese first: Vasco da Gama (1498, Calicut) → Goa (1510, Albuquerque) — the empire of forts and Inquisition; then the Dutch (spices, Ceylon-centred); the French (Pondicherry; Dupleix — the inventor of subsidiary alliances' logic: Indian troops trained European-style,Indian princes as clients); and the English East India Company (chartered 1600 — a tradingcorporation with a monopoly, granted by Elizabeth — the law student's note: the Company begins as chartered commerce, and ends as sovereign: the strangest constitutional growth in history). The power struggle: the Carnatic wars (1740s–60s — the Anglo-French duel fought through proxies; Clive's Arcot and Plasley's prelude); the French ruined (the Seven Years' War's global settlement).