5.1.3 The Indian War of Independence, 1947

The nationalist movement's ladder (the long build):1. Formation: the Indian National Congress (1885 — Hume's convening: the educated elite's annual debate society at first);2. The two wings: the Moderates (Naoroji's "drain" theory, Gokhale's petitions) vs the Extremists (Tilak — "Swaraj is my birthright and I will have it" Swadeshi's economics — Bengal's 1905 partition and its anti-partition movement revoking it); Muslim politics'separate stream — the League (1906) and the Lucknow Pact (1916).3. The Gandhian transformation (Political Thoughts Unit 4.3's full theory):Champaran(1917, the indigo satyagraha), the non-cooperation movement (1920–22 — Chauri Chaura's halt: the discipline of non-violence), the civil disobedience/Salt March (1930 — the Dandi law-breaking: the salt tax's moral theatre), the Round Tables and the Governmentof India Act 1935 (the provincial autonomy constitution — the Congress ministries; the federation that never came); Quit India (1942 — the final mass insurrection's suppression).4. The endgame: the Second World War's bankruptcy of Britain; Labour's Britain (Attlee, 1945) decided; the Cabinet Mission (1946 — the united-India federation's last design); Jinnah'sPakistan (the Lahore Resolution 1940's two-nation demand — the League's Direct Action Day (1946) and the communal killings); the Mountbatten acceleration; the Indian IndependenceAct 1947 (the British parliament's partition statute — two dominions, the princely states' accession, the Radcliffe line's midnight borders) — 14–15 August 1947: independence andpartition — the freedom with the catastrophe: the…