7 A. Civil justice

• Object: to enforce private rights and compensate private wrongs — the enforcement of rights in personam (and occasionally in rem).• Parties: individual vs individual (state as referee, not prosecutor) — the aggrieved party sues; the court acts on the party's initiative.• Outcome:remedies, not punishments — damages, restitution, specific performance, injunction, declaration; the defendant's body is not at stake, only their estate and obligations.• Procedure (Nepal): plaint/complaint → notice and defence → framing of issues → evidence (the Evidence Act 2031's discipline: burden of proof on the affirmer) → judgment → execution — under the Civil Procedure Code 2074 (2017), with appeal up the hierarchy (District Court → High Court → Supreme Court — the seven-High-Court structure of your Legal Method notes) and the arbitration/mediation alternatives (Arbitration Act 2055) standing beside.• Standard of proof: the balance of probability (preponderance) — more probable than not.