Define danda and state Manu's justification and restraint of it.2.

The text: the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu, c. 200 BC–200 AD) — the most authoritative of the dharmashastras (the "remembered" law, smriti, descending from the shruti revelation — Jurisprudence Unit 2.3.5's juristic-writing source, here at its source): the comprehensive code of dharma — duties of castes and life-stages, king's justice, penances, civil and criminal rules.Raj Dharma — the king's duty (the syllabus's core):1. The king as upholder of dharma: rulership is not a right but a sacred trust — the king created to protect the whole (the varna order's protector); danda, the royal rod, is his instrument.2. Danda — the rod of punishment: Manu's striking doctrine — the fear of punishment upholds dharma: "punishment governs all… punishment alone governs" (the smriti's own hyperbole); where danda sleeps, the strong devour the weak; but danda must be just,proportionate, and self-restrained (the king who punishes wrongly is himself destroyed); danda is divine (an emanation of the deity — the king wields a sacred, not personal, power).3. The daily round of rule: the king's day divided (Manu's timetable — study, revenue, hearing petitions, baths and sacrifices); the king should personally hold court at fixed times, deciding per dharma, evidence and reason.4. The counsel of institutions: the seven- (or eight-) member king's court (Manu's list: the king, the purohita, the senapati… — institutional counsel); ministers…