What did Bernstein revise, and why?4.

Concept: socialism is the family of doctrines holding that the principal means of production,distribution and exchange should be socially owned and democratically governed — production for use, not profit — so that inequality, exploitation and class domination are abolished. The word's 19th-century lineage (from Owen's cooperative experiments to Marx's science — Unit 3.3's full system) spans a wide family:The family map (learn the branches):1. Utopian socialism (Saint-Simon, Fourier, Robert Owen's New Lanark) — model communities, moral appeal, no theory of transition; Marx's respectful dismissal ("utopian" vs his "scientific").2. Scientific/Marxian socialism (Unit 3.3) — revolution, the proletariat, the withering state.3. Revolutionary socialism (Lenin's vanguard party; Mao's peasantry-based path) — seizure of the state, central planning.4. Democratic/reformist socialism — socialism through the ballot (5.2, this unit's core): Bernstein's revisionism, the Fabians, social democracy.5. Market socialism — social ownership with market allocation (Yugoslav self-management experiments; modern hybrids).Characteristics (the standard list, with the critical eye on each):1. Social ownership of the means of production (state, cooperative, or communal — variants differ);2. Planning of production toward social needs (against the "anarchy of the market");3. Equality — of outcome-orientation, not just opportunity; distribution by need and contribution ("from each according to ability…" as the horizon);4. The end of class exploitation (surplus socially appropriated — Unit 3.3's surplus value inverted);5. Work and welfare as rights — employment,…