3 Economic Diplomacy

The use of economic relations — trade, investment, aid, migration, technology — as diplomacy, and diplomacy as the instrument of economic goals; the declared core of Nepal's ForeignPolicy (2077) (Unit 4). Components (learn as Nepal's six-file portfolio):1. Trade diplomacy — market access negotiations (India trade treaties, China's zero-tariff treatment for Nepali goods — the 2019- era arrangements), trade facilitation (the WTO's TFA), export promotion;2. Investment diplomacy — FDI recruitment (hydropower: the developer diplomacy around the Suberni? no — around major projects), investment summits and legal reform as signals;3. Aid and development cooperation diplomacy — donor coordination, the "development partnership" management (Nepal's International Development Policy — the Forum-era architecture);4. Labour and remittance diplomacy — labour agreements with destination states (Malaysia, the Gulf), migrant protection, the remittance economy's statecraft (Nepal's most consequential economic diplomacy is arguably its labour attaché network);5. Tourism and brand diplomacy — Visit Nepal campaigns, Everest-Lumbini branding, diaspora festivals;6. Connectivity and energy diplomacy — transit treaties, cross-border transmission lines, the electricity-export negotiations (India and, prospectively, Bangladesh). Economic diplomacy'sthesis for essays: for a small, aid-and-remittance-dependent, landlocked economy, economic diplomacy is national security — the dignified conversion of geography into prosperity.