3 Treaty of Trade and Transit between Nepal and India (1960), with PeriodicRevisions

Genesis and logic: the first post-1950 economic framework (1960), recognizing that a landlocked Nepal's economy lives or dies by access: trade (market access) and transit (corridor access) — the two arteries in one instrument.Evolution — the "periodic revisions" of the syllabus (learn the milestones):• 1960: the combined Treaty of Trade and Transit;• 1971: renewal (the combined format continuing; the 1970s' trading points and routes framework);• 1978: the great separation — distinct Treaties of Trade and of Transit, with protocols (customs cooperation, routes, rail freight) — the modern architecture's birth;• 1983–89: renewals, then the rupture — India's non-renewal in 1989 producing the transit crisis that fed the democratic movement (Unit 4);• 1990s reconstitution: renewed access, then the 1996 Treaty of Trade — the most generous regime: duty-free access to the Indian market for Nepali manufactures meeting rulesof origin (value-addition norms), with quantitative ceilings on sensitive items (the acrylicyarn–vegetable ghee era's quotas) and anti-dumping safeguards; the 1999 Treaty of Transit defining routes (Kolkata/Haldia), rail movement, bonded transit and procedures;• 2000s–2010s: renewals (including 2009; extensions thereafter), the addition of Visakhapatnam port for third-country cargo, integrated check posts (Birgunj and beyond), railway concessions and through-bills-of-lading logistics.Mechanics to state (how the transit system works): designated routes and ports; customs- sealed containers moving under bond without paying Indian duties; through transit documents; railway rolling-stock agreements; border…