4 Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Nepal and China, 1960

Genesis: signed at Kathmandu on 21 March 1960 — during Premier Zhou Enlai's visit, by Prime Minister B.P. Koirala and Zhou — five years after the 1955 establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and in the shadow of the Tibet revolt (1959) that made China's Himalayan frontier a strategic concern.Principal provisions:1. Perpetual peace and friendship, founded on mutual respect for territorial integrityand sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, equality andmutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence — the Panchasheel in treaty form (the text Nepal's constitutional foreign policy still invokes);2. Peaceful settlement of any disputes;3. Development of economic and cultural relations on the basis of equality and mutual benefit;4. The treaty's term — concluded for an initial period with provisions for continuation (the instrument remains in force).Companion instruments (always cite as the pair): the Boundary Treaty of 5 October1961 — delimiting and demarcating the entire Nepal–China border (with the joint demarcation and boundary-marker protocols following in the 1960s–80s: the 1963? protocol on markers, the 1979– 88 alignments' full demarcation) — making the northern frontier one of the most settled in the Himalaya, a fact of quiet strategic value. Later layers: the road era (the Arniko Highway's Chinese assistance), the civil-aviation and trade agreements, and the modern connectivity wave (below).Significance for the answer: the 1960 treaty anchored Nepal's independent…