5 Recent Developments in Bilateral Treaties with India and China

With India — the connectivity-and-energy decade:1. Power trade: the 2014 Power Trade Agreement (the framework), winter import and monsoon export flows, and the 2024-era understandings on long-term electricity trade — includingthe agreement for Nepal to export up to 10,000 MW over a decade (the renewable- energy alliance's treaty shape); cross-border transmission lines as the new treaty infrastructure;2. Fuel logistics: the Motihari–Amlekhgunj petroleum pipeline (2019, South Asia's first cross-border fuel pipeline), with extension agreements;3. Transport: integrated check posts (Birgunj, Biratnagar, Bhairahawa), the Jaynagar–Bardibas railway's first section (2022), the Raxaul–Kathmandu railway survey/DPR agreements — the rail's return;4. The 2015–16 obstruction's aftermath (the border-blockade memory) driving Nepal's diversification policy — and the Kalapani–Lipulekh–Limpiyadhura dispute (India's 2019 map and 2020 road inauguration; Nepal's new political map (June 2020) incorporating the territory by constitutional amendment) — the bilateral file that internationalized;5. The EPG report's limbo (2018–) — revision diplomacy's unfinished business; the periodic Joint Commission as the management substitute;6. Human connectivity: the 1950-regime's open border continuing under strain (border pillars' renewal surveys, local closures' politics), and developmental assistance's treaty forms (High Impact Community Development Projects; post-earthquake reconstruction's housing package).With China — the connectivity-and-investment decade:1. Transit revolution: the Transit and Transport Agreement (2016) and its Protocol(2019) — designated Chinese seaports (Tianjin, Shenzhen among them) and land ports for Nepal's third-country trade: the first legal breach of…