6 Parliamentary and Presidential Constitution

(Developing Unit 4's structural material into classification form.)Parliamentary: fusion of executive and legislature; the head of government (Prime Minister) and cabinet are drawn from and responsible to the elected house; a separate (often ceremonial) head of state; government falls with lost confidence; dissolution allows the electorate to arbitrate. Exemplars: UK, India, Japan, Nepal. Merits: responsiveness, coordination, flexible removal; demerits: executive dominance of the legislature, coalition instability, blurred lines of accountability.Presidential: separation of origin and survival; a popularly elected President is both head of state and head of government for a fixed term; no mutual confidence/dissolution; checks operate through veto, ratification, impeachment and review. Exemplars: USA, Brazil, Indonesia, South Korea (mixed systems like France add a Premier responsible to the legislature — semi- presidentialism). Merits: stability, energy, national mandate; demerits: gridlock, personalization, rigidity between elections.Nepal under the 2015 Constitution: parliamentary — President as head of state elected by electoral college (federal parliament + provincial assemblies), Prime Minister as executive headcommanding the House of Representatives' confidence; the Council of Ministers collectively responsible to the House; no-confidence under Article 100; bicameral Federal Parliament (House of Representatives + National Assembly). Nepal's historical note: the 1959 Constitution was also parliamentary; the panchayat 1962 was neither (a guided monarchical system with a nominally elected legislature and no responsible cabinet); 1990 and 2015 restored parliamentarism — classification…