2 Federal System

2.1 Meaning and FeaturesA federal system divides constitutional power between a general (federal) government and regional governments (states/provinces), each constitutionally guaranteed its own sphere: neither level may unilaterally destroy the other; the division is policed (usually by a supremecourt); and each level operates directly on citizens within its sphere. The defining features (K.C. Wheare's classic catalogue, modernized):1. Written, rigid constitution — the division must be documented and entrenched against unilateral change (Nepal: Article 274 — amendment by two-thirds of both houses, with provincial consent for boundary/Schedule-6 changes);2. Division of powers — enumerated lists allocating subjects (Nepal: Schedules 5–9);3. Supremacy of the constitution and judicial review — inter-level conflicts are constitutional questions decided by courts;4. Bicameralism with a federal second chamber — provinces represented at the centre (Nepal's National Assembly, with members including provincial representation);5. Dual (or multi-level) government and direct operation — each level legislates for and taxes its citizens directly;6. Residual powers assigned — unallocated subjects go somewhere by rule (Nepal: to the Federation — Article 58);7. Financial autonomy arrangements — taxation powers, transfers, and a fiscal commission to advise on revenue sharing (Nepal's National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission).2.2 Meaning and Types of FederalismComing together vs. holding together (Stein Rokkan/Alfred Stepan's typology — theexam's best analytic pair):• Coming-together federations — pre-existing sovereign units aggregate by compact (USA 1787,…