2 Treaties

The premier modern source: written agreements between states (or between states and international organizations / between organizations) governed by international law — codified by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCT), 1969 (definition Article 2(1)(a); pacta sunt servanda Article 26; free consent, good faith; jus cogens override Articles 53 and 64). Treaties as source: particular treaties bind the parties (contract-treaties); law-making (normative)treaties declare or create general rules (the UN Charter's force-prohibition; the Geneva Conventions; UNCLOS) — the modern vehicle for codification and progressive development. The law of treaties (formation, reservations, invalidity, termination) is Public International Law-II's subject; here, treat the treaty as source: express, ascertainable, consent-based law. Nepal's treaty practice — the Article 279 ratification architecture (Unit 1) — makes treaties the most litigated "source" in Nepali foreign-relations law.