How are trade secrets and goodwill protected without registration?

Intellectual property — the law's protection of the products of the mind: creations (copyright), inventions (patent), signs of trade (trademark), ornamentation (industrial design), confidential commercial information (trade secrets) and accumulated business reputation (goodwill). Its philosophical basis: the labour/incentive theories of Unit 1 — granting temporary exclusivity to reward creation and incentivize disclosure, balanced against the public domain's growth. Its constitutional footing in Nepal — the explanation to Article 25 defines "property" to include intellectual property: IP as property, expropriation-proof, ownable and transferable — the syllabus's constitutional link to memorize. Its international frame: the WIPO system and the TRIPS Agreement (WTO — Nepal a member since 23 April 2004, TRIPS' minimum standards binding: national treatment, the rights' floors, enforcement obligations); Nepal is a WIPO member, though it has not acceded to the Paris and Berne Conventions — its international protection resting on TRIPS and reciprocity.