2 Copyrights, Patent, Trademark, Design, Trade Secrets, Goodwill

2.1 Copyright (the Copyright Act, 2059 (2002))• Protected works: literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works; sound recordings; audiovisual works; broadcasts; computer programs; and databases/compilations within the Act's scheme — protection automatic on creation (no registration condition; the Registrar's record evidentiary).• Rights: the economic rights (reproduction, distribution, rental, translation, adaptation, public performance, broadcasting — the owner's exclusive acts) and the moral rights (paternity and integrity — perpetual and personal).• Term: the general rule — the author's life plus fifty years; shorter statutory terms for neighbouring and applied-arts rights (state the general rule; the special terms by the Act's schedule).• Limitations: the exceptions' list — private study and research, criticism and review, news reporting, education's classroom uses, library/archival reproduction, the judicial and legislative uses.• Administration: the Copyright Registrar's Office (registration/records); the collective- management societies (the music-royalty societies' licensing practice); the ownership rules (author-first-owner; employment and commission works).2.2 Patent (the Patent, Design and Trademark Act, 2022 (1965))• The grant's requirements: novelty, inventive step and industrial applicability — the world- standard triad;• The right: the exclusion of others from making, using, selling the invention for the statutory term (renewable within the Act's scheme) — in exchange for disclosure (the specification's publication);• Exceptions/non-patentables: discoveries, scientific principles, business methods, methods of medical treatment — within the Act's exclusions; the compulsory-licensing/public-interest flexibilities (TRIPS' balance);• Practice note: Nepal's…