3 Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Nepal

The administrative route: the Department of Industry (trademarks, patents, designs: registration, oppositions, renewals, the registrar's record); the Copyright Registrar's Office (thedeposit/record system); the Department of Customs (the border measures — import-export seizures of counterfeit goods under TRIPS' border-enforcement standards); The civil route: district-court suits — injunctions (the interim-relief practice), damages/accounts, delivery-up and destruction of infringing goods; the registered right's certificate as the prima facie title; Thecriminal route: the statutes' penal provisions (copyright infringement and counterfeiting as offences — the police-raid practice; the Criminal Code 2074's forgery/fraud provisions for the document-counterfeits); The procedural realities (the honest analysis): capacity limits (the specialisation gap in enforcement), the piracy markets' scale (optical disc and software piracy's open reality), the awareness gap (SMEs' unregistered IP), the collecting-society disputes (the royalty conflicts), and the reform agenda (the IP-policy's modernization draft laws, the Paris/Berne accession debates).