3 Upper Ceiling of Land Ownership and Tenancy

The ceiling scheme (the Land Act 2021 as amended):1. The holding maximums: per family, by ecological region and land class — the original bands (in the order of 25 bigha Terai, 70–80 ropani hills/valley) progressively reduced by amendment (the tighter ceilings of the later schedules); the per-category rules (agricultural vs. residential (ghaderi) ceilings distinct — the urban residential ceiling's separate, more generous scheme);2. The computation rules: the family as the unit (the spouse-and-minor-children aggregation — the benami-distribution's anti-evasion); the conversions-and-equivalences (the land classes' standard yield weighting — the khet/bari/pakho classifications);3. The surplus's fate: ceiling-excess land acquired by the state (with the statutory compensation for the invested improvements) and redistributed — to the tillers, the landless, the resettlement schemes (the sukumbasi distributions);4. The exemptions and evasions: the exempt categories (industrial/educational/religious holdings under conditions); the evasion patterns (partition sham, transfers on the eve, benami holdings in others' names) and the anti-evasion jurisprudence;5. The ceiling today: a settled but sleepy instrument — enforcement's episodic revivals (the valuation-era and the record-cleanup campaigns) — and the policy debates: ceiling abolition for productivity (the "consolidation not fragmentation" argument) vs. ceiling retention for equality (the land-reform constituency) — the Act's half-century of suspended animation.Tenancy ceilings' complement: the landlord's tenanted extent restricted in the reform logic (the tiller's maximal security over the owner's maximal estate) — the ceiling…