3 Court Structure of English Law and American Law

England (the modern hierarchy):1. The UK Supreme Court (2009 — the final appeal, the constitutional court);2. The Court of Appeal (Civil and Criminal Divisions);3. The High Court of Justice (the three divisions: King's Bench, Chancery, Family — the first- instance major court) with Crown Court (indictable crime — the jury's modern home) and County Courts (the civil workhorse);4. The tribunals' reformed structure (the 2007 unification) and the magistrates' courts (the lay justice);5. (The devolved systems and the Privy Council's residual commonwealth appeals noted.)America (the dual system — federal and state, the structure's defining feature):1. Federal: the Supreme Court (nine justices — the certiorari gatekeeping; constitutional interpretation's final voice); the Courts of Appeals (13 circuits); the District Courts (94 — the trial bench); the specialized (claims, international trade, bankruptcy) courts; the magistrate system;2. State: each state's own hierarchy — supreme courts, intermediate appellate, trial (superior/ district) courts; the justice-of-the-peace and municipal layers; the jury's constitutionalcentrality (the Seventh Amendment's civil jury; the criminal jury's Sixth Amendment);3. The interplay: federal questions' removal; habeas corpus's federal review of state convictions; the Erie choice-of-law — the double system's permanent negotiation.