4 Legal Profession in English Law and American Law

England — the divided profession:1. Barristers — the advocates (the Inns of Court — Lincoln's, Gray's, Inner and Middle Temple — the ancient guilds; pupillage's apprenticeship; the Bar's self-regulation; the barrister's monopoly on higher-court advocacy — eroded by the 1990s–2000s' reforms: solicitor- advocates);2. Solicitors — the attorneys (the Law Society's regulation; the training contract; the client's first port — litigation's management, conveyancing, the barrister's brief);3. The judiciary's recruitment — traditionally from the senior Bar (the "sound bottom" doctrine — the practitioner-judge; no separate career judiciary; the JAC's modern selections; the lay magistracy);4. The fused-trend: legal executives, licensed conveyancers, the ABS firms' era (the Legal Services Act 2007).America — the fused profession:1. The lawyer (attorney-at-law): one profession — advocacy and client-work unified (no barrister/solicitor division); the JD degree + the state bar examination + the state licence (the federal practice through the state bars);2. The Bar's organization: the state bars (mandatory or integrated; the ABA's voluntary national role — the law-school accreditation);3. The professions' styles: the mega-firm (BigLaw — the Cravath system's associate-partner ladder); the small firm and solo practice; the in-house counsel's growth; the prosecutor/public defender systems (the elected DA's American peculiarity);4. The judiciary: the elected and appointed mixes (federal: presidential nomination + Senate confirmation, life tenure; states: many elected — the American exception); the judge as former practitioner (England's…