3 Court Structure of Roman, French and German Law

Rome (the ancestor's courts): the civil jurisdiction's evolution — the king's, then the magistrate's (the praetor's tribunal: in jure the praetor's formula-grant; apud judicem the private judex's trial), the standing courts (quaestiones) for crime, the imperial bureaucracy (cognitio) absorbing all — the appeal's invention (the emperor as final judge); the jurists not courts — as the classical system's authors.France (the modern hierarchy):1. The Cour de cassation — the supreme court (cassation: quashing faulty judgments for return — casser, to break; the civil, criminal and social chambers; the jurisprudence constante's forge);2. The Courts of Appeal (the assize-tier's civil/criminal appeals); the Cour d'assises (the serious crime — the jury's French survival);3. The tribunaux de grande instance (the major trial courts) and tribunaux d'instance (smaller civil); the specialist streams (administrative justice's separate pyramid — the Conseild'État at its summit: the dual-judiciary peculiarity France shares with few; the constitutional council's place at the constitutional apex);4. The juge d'instruction — the investigating judge (the inquisitorial tradition's emblem — Unit 6's comparison).Germany (the federal model):1. The Bundesverfassungsgericht (the Federal Constitutional Court — Karlsruhe: constitutional complaints by any citizen after exhaustion; abstract and concrete review; the proportionality jurisprudence's global export);2. The five federal supreme courts (the BGH — civil/criminal; the labour, administrative, social, fiscal courts' apexes — the subject-matter judiciary's German design) with the joint panel's harmonization;3.…