4 Legal Profession in Roman, French and German Law

Rome (the profession's prototype): the jurists (the jurisconsulti — advising, drafting, responding; status, not fees — the honor of the jus respondendi), the advocates (the courtroom's rhetoric — the forum's profession), the cognitores/procuratores (the representatives) — the scholar-advocate's division at the profession's root.France: the avocat (the advocate — the bar's reformed single profession: the former avoués/ avocats fusion; the CRFPA training; the barreau's organization), the notaire (the civil law's indispensable officer — the authentic deed's monopoly: wills, conveyances, company formation; the public function in private practice), the conseil juridique/juriste d'entreprise (the in-house stream); the magistrature's two ladders — the siège (the judging bench) and the parquet (the prosecution) — recruited from the École nationale de la magistrature (Bordeaux — the career judiciary's training home): the judge as civil servant-specialist (not the common-law's practitioner- judge).Germany: the Rechtsanwalt (the unified advocate — the unified bar's two-stage state examinations around the university law degree — the Referendar's practical traineeship; the Fachanwalt's specialization); the Richter (the career judge — the two state exams' merit ladder; judicial independence's constitutional guarantee; the lay judges' Schöffengericht participation in criminal trial); the Notar (the notariate — in most Länder the independent notary; the "Anwaltsnotar" in the merged states); the professor-doctor's culture (the Habilitation — doctrine as the profession's apex — the "law professors' law" the family's signature).The family's…